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Background: Prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals may impair genitaldevelopment and alter reproductive tract anatomy.
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Background: Androgens are critical in male external genitaldevelopment.
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They can act as a hormone disruptor and may contribute to childhood obesity, cardiovascular disease and interfere with male genitaldevelopment.
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Conclusions: Environmental exposure to POPs may affect genitaldevelopment and result in reproductive tract alterations with potentially relevant health consequences in maturity.
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Cases of precocious genitaldevelopment, especially, some of them occurring as early as the second year of life, were linked with them.
Usage of genitalia development in English
1
Female genitaliadevelopment and their association with anencephaly have not been previously described.
2
Perturbation of these pathways can lead to abnormal external genitaliadevelopment.
3
External genitaliadevelopment occurs through a combination of hormone independent, hormone dependent, and endocrine pathways.
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Conclusions: Anencephalic fetuses had some alterations in external genitaliadevelopment, but the anogenital distances did vary significantly between the groups.
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We review human and animal mechanisms of normal and abnormal external genitaliadevelopment, and we evaluate abnormal mechanisms that lead to hypospadias.